Essay on Chicanos - 1910 Words

Chicanos With the advancements in technology today, the process of learning has become easier. Instead of just reading, one can look at video documentaries or web sites to acquire information they need or want. In my Latinos in the U.S. class, we have access to all types of information in our quest to learn about Mexican-American history. By reading Zaragosa Vargas= Problems in Mexican-American History, looking at the Chicano Park web site and viewing part one of the Chicano! video documentary, I have encountered a variety of representations of Mexican-American history. However they are not all of the same quality for the video and web site do not give as much information as the readings in Vargas= book or the class lectures†¦show more content†¦is of better quality than the web site. It talks in great detail of the history that proceeded World War II including the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, the Chicano Youth Conference, and the Chicano Moratorium March showing footage of the actual events. It also talks more about Mexican-American history throughout the United States. Yet, similar to the web site it does not talk about the very beginning of the Mexican-American history. The history of Mexican-Americans began with the colonization of Mexico by the Spaniards around 1492. At this time, there were approximately eighteen million people living in Mexico as compared to the 250,000 Spaniards that came to the ANew World.@ This is shocking because these 250,000 Spaniards were able to conquer and gain control of Mexico. Many believe this was done because the Spaniards brought disease which killed off the majority of the natives and because the Spaniards were militarily superior. Although this may be true, the Spaniards were smart and knew they would not be able to conquer so many people by themselves. With this being the case, they acted as friends to the natives, joined their communities, learned about their culture, learned the language, and eventually turned the different tribes of natives against each other. Two examples of this include: Cortes, who recruited a native woman to be his slave, impregnated her and had the first Mestizo (half Indian, ha lf Spanish) or Mexican child, and Alvar NunezShow MoreRelatedThe Chicano Of Chicano Literature882 Words   |  4 PagesESSAY Chicano Literature has been around since the 1800s after the Mexican war . Mexican American Literature is stories that writers talk about their ethnic identities through Chicano culture situations and characters. They are their own culture, who take traditions and customs from Mexico and American and make up their own history with it. They try to identify themselves with one culture or the other, the food, the customs, traditions and many other things. The boundaries that define a Chicano/a isRead MoreThe Chicano Subculture Essay635 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Im not Mexican. I am not American. I am not American in USA and Mexican in Mexico. I am Chicano everywhere. I do not have to assimilate anything. I have my own history†, stated the writer and novelist Carlos Fuentes. The Chicano subculture is the mixture of the Mexican and the American cultures. This subculture has its own history and unique characterizations that make it stand out. According to the Merriam Webster dicto nary the word subculture is defined as â€Å"a group that has beliefs and behaviorsRead MoreEssay on Chicano Art3962 Words   |  16 Pages Chicano Art Chicano Art and Indigenismo Artworks have played an indelible work to the lives of humanity. The creative nature in Artists is a complex matter to define. The uncertainties in the intrinsic nature in art lay difficult aspects that can only be answered by values, themes and skills depicted in an artist artwork. Apart from playing the intricate psychological effect on humans, the artworks have been used as a tool of expression that has been revered and uniquely preserved for futureRead MoreThe Movement Of The Chicano Movement1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chicano movement that occurred in the 60’s and 70’s came out during the same time of the Civil Rights Movement. It was about fighting for social, political, and economic justice for Chicano people. The issues that were highlighted in the movement were; restoration of land grant rights, fair treatment of farm workers, educational access and dismantling racial discrimination for Chicano youth, and pushing for voting rights. Common historiographies of the Chicano civil rights movement in the 60Read MoreThe Cultural Practices That Chicanos / Chicanas1131 Words   |  5 PagesThe cultural practices that Chicanos/Chicanas partake in such as being pachucos and pachucas, being actively involved in feminism, creating music and using stereotypes in film reflect their struggle to attain freedom and empowerment against Anglo society and within themselves. The various elements that make up Chicano culture have helped them resist Anglo culture and develop subcultures within the Chicano community. In addition, it has also allowed them to free themselves from the idea of becomingRead MoreStatus Of The Historiography Of Chicano Education899 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"Status of the Historiography of Chicano Education: A Preliminary Analysis† Guadalupe San Miguel Jr mentions Several factors that have altered and molded Chicanos throughout time. The cultural imbalance, geographical and society changes caused Chicanos to feel unfit for the Anglo-Society. This prevented Chicanos students from attending school and developing English literacy. For instance, the article mentions how schools located in California and Texas excluded Mexicans from attendingRead MoreThe Chicano Movement By Frank Romero1024 Words   |  5 Pagesto society. The Chicano movement started in the 1960s; the public wanted to repair social injustice. The Chicano movement encompassed a broad section of issues; from restoration of lands, to farm workers’ rights, to enhance education, to voting and political rights. At this moment many individuals were trying different ways to express their views and one of those ways was art. In the early years of the Chicano movement, Frank Romero established a reputation as one of the Chicano art heroes. ThroughRead MoreEssay about Chicano Nationalism1631 Words   |  7 PagesChicano Nationalism Chicano as defined by the American Heritage Dictionary , is â€Å"a Mexican-American†. Nationalism, as defined by the same publication, is â€Å"devotion to the interests or particular culture of a particular nation†. So by definition, we can infer that Chicano Nationalism is an interest in either the Mexican or American culture by a Mexican American, which is not a very concise definition. Before we can begin to define Chicano Nationalism, we must first define what is it to be aRead MoreInspiring And Encouraging Chicano Students1844 Words   |  8 PagesInspiring and encouraging Chicano students to attend college, especially first generation students, has been a movement lead by many clubs, organizations, and by teachers who are passionate about their careers. Thus, â€Å"first generation students† is a term that states that a student does not have a record of previous generations attending college. Usually, students classified as such come from low income fami lies as well as from poor neighborhood communities. That is to say, many of these individualsRead MoreChicano Murals in Los Angeles3931 Words   |  16 Pagesin California the emergence of mural work of the Chicano Movement was gaining power and recognition. Their distinct style stemmed from their Mexican predecessors as they delved into their cultural heritage to define what it meant to be Chicano. The rhetoric of visual imagery of the murals created during the 1960s Ââ€" 1970s addressed the economic, educational, historical, political, religious, and social aspects of the Chicano Movement. Chicano muralism has a long history, dating back prior to

The Debate On Abortion And Abortion - 1448 Words

Abortion. This word leaves most people feeling uneasy after just saying it out loud. The discussion of abortion is continuously left open-ended with millions of opinions, arguments, and questions. Abortions occur every single day leaving potential fathers devastated or thrilled, leaving friends and families broken and distraught or in contrast, proud. More importantly, leaving the potential mother uncertain and even destroyed. But with abortion in mind, what is considered wrong and what is considered right? What is moral and what is immoral? Is all faith in humanity questioned at the sole argument of either aborting or not aborting an unborn child? Moreover, who is granted the superior authority on deciding what is morally correct or incorrect this day and age. As I said before, bottomless questions and vast accusations tend to be the fuel for this fire. It is as if society is waiting for the perfect, yet, moderate argument on abortion, tying up all of the loose ends and meeting some where in between what is right and what is wrong when considering abortion rights. Is there even a common ground of understanding when debating the existence of another human? The endless and twisted argument continues to linger on, although Judith Jarvis Thomson’s â€Å"Defense of Abortion† communicated insightful views which in fact influenced my very own ideas on the argument of abortion. As I was reading Thomson’s, â€Å"Defense on Abortion† I found myself unsure and often questioning the side sheShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1063 Words   |  5 Pagesstand on abortion. By definition an abortion is the termination of a pregnancy and the expulsion of pregnancy tissue, including embryo, fetus, placenta, and membranes (Wicclair, Gosman 2005). In the recent years the debate on abortion has shifted to a different viewpoint that has reopened the conversation of abortion and has generated a healthy following for abortion control. The p remise of abortion control is to implement community outreach programs that will help reduce the number of abortions. I feelRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1490 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial issues floating around conversation. One that always catches my ear is the debate on abortion. Growing up in a republican household, and catholic for that matter, it was obvious that â€Å"pro-life† would be imprinted into my head. My whole family, not just my parents, are against abortion. Also going to church every Sunday and learning what my religion thought was right and wrong influenced me to believe that abortion was killing a life. Since I grew up with this influence I subconsciously thoughtRead MoreThe Debate Over Abortion On Abortion Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical debate has existed in America, there has been a strong tension between the ideologies of conservatism and liberalism. While there are numerous differences between the two ideologies, the cor e of each is expressed clearly through the modern debate of abortion. The vision, ideals, and assumptions of each ideology can be identified through the way in which each ideology argues its position on abortion. The debate over abortion has been taking place since the 19th century. Abortions were legalRead MoreThe Debate About Abortion And Abortion1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of abortion is an issue that has sparked controversy for many years. One of the initial problems that lead to the debate about abortion is the fact that, the definition of the term abortion varies from one field to another. The controversy arises because the language used to describe abortion â€Å"is a reflection of the societal beliefs of the people in that area† (McFarlane Meier 65). Generally, the World Health Organization defines abortion as induced or spontaneous termination of pregnancyRead MoreThe Abortion Debate2354 Words   |  10 PagesAdedayo Adeniyi November 13, 2008 Expository writing An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced. Abortion as a term most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages. Abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methodsRead MoreThe Debate Of Abortion And Abortion2390 Words   |  10 PagesThe subject of abortion is undeniably a difficult one to discuss. There are many different opinions and stances which could be taken, however, the question for Christians is just where they should stand on this matter. The issue is that if people (more specifically Christians) are not careful then they get caught up in the different stances, different questions, and different opinions. If this happens then they will not be able to make a firm standing against or fo r abortion while having facts toRead MoreThe Debate Over The Abortion Debate1097 Words   |  5 PagesIt is no surprise that the abortion debate has once again have brought into the mainstream focus this year. Yet, this time around the age old debate is now attacking organizations that offer such procedures, vilifying the entire organization for only one service it offers. This vilification has continuously gained momentum for ages, but it was the attack upon Planned Parenthood earlier this year that has brought the debate to head once again. Recently Pro-Life groups took up arms to destroy the organizationRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Debate874 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion There truly is not a more controversial or passionate debate as the one on abortion. This issue is completely unique due to the firm line between groups that support or are against it. Whichever side a person finds themselves on, usually for many reasons, it becomes a fierce and firm position that will not waiver. In this case I am glad that people are so passionate, a human life is at stake. This subject should bring great feelings and beliefs up. I would be completely sickened if abortionRead MoreThe Abortion Debate Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pages No matter where you stand on the issue, abortion is a highly debated topic in today’s society. In this essay I will examine both sides of the abortion issue. I will begin with a brief overview of the abortion debate, to include the morality of the situation. Next I will discuss the Pro-Life argument. Lastly I will look at the Pro-Choice view. In the final analysis I will show how utilitarianism, altruism, and situational ethical views apply to abortion. Having in mind the extreme controversy surroundingRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Debate888 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is a highly debated and controversial topic within the United States. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. When you have an abortion, you decimate the life of a fetus in the womb prior to delivery. There were 5,013 abortions in the state of Oklahoma alone in 2013. In the same year, there were approximately, collectively in the United States, 983,000 total abortions performed. In addition, there have been almost 60 million abortions performed in the United States since

Speech Essay Free Essays

My speech content and structure improved more and more with every speech, I believe. The content with my first two speeches weren’t very good, because I didn’t do enough research about the topics or allowed myself time to really think about every aspect of the speech. The content in my Persuasive Speech about school uniforms lacked enough useful information and was too vague. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was more focused on memorizing things and getting over my nervousness. After I became comfortable and more knowledgeable about how to prepare for a speech, I began to put more effort into the content and the information I wanted to audience to really understand. So in my next speech about Premarital Counseling, I put a lot more time into the content and the information I had researched, and by doing that I became passionate about the subject and was able to deliver a better speech with confidence. The structuring of the speeches also improved, I learned more and more from every speech about how I needed to structure my speech more effectively. I realized that when I put more work into writing everything down and preparing for the speech structure that the talking part wasn’t so bad. I think my nonverbal delivery improved a little bit with every speech, but I still need improvement. After my first two speeches I noticed by my third speech that my gestures improved, as well as my enthusiasm in my tone and also in my eyes. My speech that I thought I had the best nonverbal delivery was the speech about premarital counseling, I think it was easier to â€Å"feel† my speech because I was passionate about it. Of all the content I have learned this semester about public speaking, the ‘personalizing ideas’ has what impacted me the most. I have realized that the speeches I am more interested in listening to is when they present their ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience/myself. So, when I give a speech now I have a goal to entertain the audience as they are being enlightened, and personalize my ideas. For example, in my speech about School Uniforms I gave the audience information about when I was in school and how not having school uniforms effected me personally. Also, my speech about Pre-Marital counseling I shared my own story about my divorce and how premarital counseling would’ve changed that. Because putting a human face on a familiar topic, and not just stating statistics and technical jargon, it brings it home in personal terms. I’m still far from being a great public speaker. I struggle with delivering a persuasive speech the most. It’s very challenging to persuade an audience on a controversial topic that touches on their basic attitudes, values, and beliefs. I definitely need to work on the credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language and reasoning in my speeches. I also believe that I struggle with this because even in real life I struggle with arguments. I’ve never been good at debating or trying to persuade people to believe or agree with something I say. This is something I want and need to work on for my speeches in the future, as well as my personal life. I learned a great deal from this class on this and it did help some, but I still need a lot of improvement. I also need improvement with my delivery. I noticed in my speech about school uniforms that I would state statistics and examples, but I didn’t make it vivid and gripping for the listeners. It didn’t sound natural, as though I was telling a story. I would like to state the statistics and examples in a way that doesn’t bore the audience, and in a more confident tone. I would also like to work on my movement, gestures and eye contact in my speeches, I noticed in all my speech videos that I didn’t convey confidence, sincerity, and conviction as well as I would’ve liked. How to cite Speech Essay, Essay examples Speech Essay Free Essays When at the age Of eight Emma was considered bossy simple because she wanted to direct a production, later her girlfriends no longer wanted to participate in sports due to masculinity, and at age 18, her male friends could not express their feelings. Even after her experiences, she has realized that feminism has diminished in meaning. The introduction of the speech had a great attention getter because Emma pointed out a problem that is usually towards girls, and was asking for help of the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now While she was introducing the topic, she did not really preview any main points, but only stated the thesis and purpose. In this speech, she is informing the audience on how she was able to speak for this problem she stated, â€Å"l was appointed six months ago and the more I have spoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man hating. If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop. † The audience in at this event had an equal amount of women and men. The transitions in this conclude introducing the campaign (Hovers) and owe it needs to be addressed and brought to attention to the population. Once she inform the problem, she then went on to the era of feminism; and how feminism has become a word that is unpopular to the culture around us. The term is considered an â€Å"uncomfortable† word stated by Watson. More and more women have not been choosing to indemnify themselves as feminist due to the remarks made on feminists today. After going on about women’s liberation she then discussed why there needs to be gender equality, and what could happen in the future generations if it continued to go any further. The topic of this speech could legitimately make a big impact if it were to follow through. Equal rights should be brought to attention, and Emma gives a good dialogue of the situation. â€Å"Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive. Both men and women should feel free to be strong†¦ It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum not as two opposing sets of ideals. If we stop defining each other by what we are not and start defining ourselves by what we are-?we can all be freer and this is what Hovers is about. It’s about freedom. † (Watson) Watson shapes great persuasive points throughout he whole speech. It is time for the men and women of the world to be treated the same. Men should not feel the discomfort of being vulnerable, and women should not be judged or fear the want of being strong. Many people do not realize the different stereotypes that are given to men, and that are seen on a daily basis. When is it the turn for men to be able to feel comfortable in their own skin without being judged for what should be happening? As stated in the speech, â€Å"If men do not have to be aggressive in order to be accepted women won’t feel compelled to be submissive. If men o not have to control, women will not have to be controlled. In this speech Emma W. Uses, the speech spoken Hilary Clinton to help support her statements. The speech was given in 1 995 and in Beijing about women’s rights, and how the changes that she wanted back then are still a reality today. Another one of the sources included the depth of how men cannot seem to want to ask for help when It is needed. For example, in the UK suicide is the largest killer amongst men varying from the ages of 20-49. Moreover, why is that? It is because men are afraid to ask for attention for the season that it will take away from their masculinity. I now understand why Emma wants this to be something everyone should be aware of, and how it needs to end. In this speech, it very much caught my attention especially since every main point had a strong body to go with it to support it. In my opinion, Emma was a great choice to speak for this campaign. It seemed that this subject was a sensitive matter, and she was able to connect with the audience to express her views. In conclusion, I believe that Emma Watson had a great persuasive input on her outlook on gender equality. How to cite Speech Essay, Essays

Braaap Motorcycles free essay sample

Products and services All braaarp motorcycles are design and tested in Australia, because it is an online shop they got a well organize and a good services. Customer can choose their own plastics colour and sticker kits, all customers want will appear on what they ordered. Customers will get free learn to ride lessons, that can give much more information about their products and make customers like this product because they learn more can know more and they will have a good impression on the braaap’s product and services. The entire bike have disk brakes, it’s make the bike more safety and easy to maintains and repairs, and this will make customers more comfortable with braaap’s product, more safety means life will go longer when you use their products. There have no weight limit, so that’s means every one can ride. The bikes have adjustable set high, if you buy it for your kids, they can ride for a very long time. We will write a custom essay sample on Braaap Motorcycles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also if customers don’t know about how to ride their bike, they are providing lessons to teach people how to ride your own bike, this is very good services because people always want to try new things for this braaap can make people have confidence. Pricing policy Customer can choose their products by product categories or by price at braaarp they got lots of different price of products, this is good because in this way every people can buy it no matter how much money you earn pre week it just can tell if you want to try our product we can find a good one and a good price for you, it may not take much money from you. Also they take payment by instalments; customer can pay around 35 dollars per week for their bike, I think this way is so good for people who want buy an good product buy not have enough money to buy. For the kids, customer only needs to pay 17dollars per week, this is give a dream for child who want to ride a bike. And this kind of payment really attracts those customers who from middle class or low class family, this makes them got 0 pressures Place Braaarp have lots of videos online it can help people know the bike more easy and fast, this is makes people get more information from online, and comfortable for themselves, let them know if you don’t know how to use our products we got a lesson for you and still don’t know you can watch our video online and you can learn witch day you want no matter weekday or weekend. Also customer can find information about braaarp on you tube; face book and twitter, those things are good for customer because everyone know how to go you tube; face book and twitter, when you at home you can easy find information from those staff. Braaarp organisation have lots of store around the world, customer can find it easily in their local place. Promotional methods Braaarp have return policy, for all the people not Satisfaction with their bike, when you bike have some problems they can change it and give you a new one, this is very good idea because when people buy online they are worry about how is this bike and is this match what I want in my mind or not, in this way people will climb down. Their bike are high Quality, also they can teach people how to fix their bike, people always make them things broken in mind or out mind so when you teach them how to fix it, it make much more good feelings on your stuff. At online store there have lots of product is on sale, they put lower price to Attract people to purchase, always make people want shop in the shops and on sale is the best way to do it, when you stuff on sale people would like buy it and tell their friends come to buy one in this way can get much more customers with their good service can got lots of repeat customers, this means your shop is good and you don’t need worry about no customers come to shop. They have gift registry for customers, customers log in can get gift from braaap, it’s can promote more people to be their club member. People The bike from braaarp, can satisfaction customer individual needs, because you can choose your own plastics colour and sticker kits. Also, braaarp’s on line store do also sale different parts of the bike, so you can buy anything you want and add anything you want you can make your own bike by your hands and put what you want and what you like appear on the bike can make you more comfortable, every bike is not for one person it is make for group of people, so braaap’s idea is quiet good for customers, people don’t want to see the other one have the same things for me it is, build own bike is good. Their staff can teach you how to ride your bike, so that shows that staff in braaarp got enough skills for teach people how to fix your bike also ride it. In the video at home page of manage online, the man said you can make a call at anytime in 7days, ask questions, they will answer any questions you asked, they got a very good service for 7 days some shops just open 5 days so good service good quality and good products this is a really good shop I think. Process Braaarp organization use lots of process in their marking sale such as: the 4P’s of the marketing mix, product (motorcycle), price (cheap than other brand, take payment by instalments, got different of price), place(store all over the world, easy to find), promotion(people who became club member can get gift, some products is on sale). also they increase the marketing mix to five Ps: the last one is people(high skills of staff, can teach customer fix and ride their bike). by this 5Ps braaap can got a huge of customers, gift everyone wants to have and some good qualities bike and good service make raaap success. Physical evidence The physical evidence that braaarp provide to increase their awareness by do lots of racing games, every rider must from their club, ride their bike; go Travis with other club member on holiday. People like make new friends and travels, and spend time outside are good idea for people in Australia people live in here like go out playing. Also there have lessons every Period of time. Teach people can make friends with them and make them comfortable like come and have a lesson. People can find it on their online managing and they have different activity and exercise. Recommendation 1. The most operational marketing objectives are their product; customer can choose their own plastics colour and sticker kits, its can increase their sales and different tape of bikes because every people got their individual needs like different colour and styles. 2. The other one is that Customer can buy any single part of the bike from their online store, customers don’t have to go out, it’s really convenience and fast, of course they delivery in front of your door. Therefore braaap got lots of store all over the world and got really good sales. 3. Finally give some interesting lessons get customers mind and make them love come and learn, learn well, know well can make them like to go shop often because customers are always buy some stuff what they interested in and more information you can give more information customers can get and like it, they will ask their friends buy one and they can travel together, have fun together that will a big advertisement use in those customers.

Vitamins Segmentation free essay sample

Market segmentation is an integral part of a company’s marketing strategy. It is the process of breaking down a larger market into smaller and more homogeneous groups of customers to define their needs and wants more precisely. Characteristics of individuals, groups, or organizations are the variables used to divide total market into segments. Consumer markets can be segmented based on the following customer characteristics: geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral. Vitamins, like other complex consumer products with expansive varieties, need to be segmented using multiple variables. There are many different consumers in this market buying vitamins to fill many various needs. Since consumers often possess largely diverse demographic and psychographic profiles, no single product can effectively target and serve the entire vitamin market. Using demographic segmentation, mostly age, gender, and family life cycle, enables marketers to identify groups of customer with similar needs. Vitamin manufacturers offer their products to different age groups from infants to seniors. We will write a custom essay sample on Vitamins Segmentation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Multivitamins for children are packaged in colorful plastic bottles and feature famous characters, such as the Flintstones from Bayer or NatureSmart’s Disney Cars for boys and Princess for girls. Store brands like Walgreens’ own Children’s Multivitamin follows this trend but is priced more affordably. As we grow our vitamin intake alters. Individuals in their twenties need different vitamins than they do after turning fifty. Manufacturers target those age groups with various combinations of vitamins. They also segment them by gender offering different vitamins for males and females. Centrum’s Under 50 and Silver Men’s and Women’s are good examples of using multisegment targeting strategy. One-a-Day Women’s Petite (Bayer) is unique among competitors in which the manufacturer reduced the size of the pills to make it easier to swallow. Family life cycle is another demographic base manufacturers use to further segment their target market. Centrum’s Parental and NatureMades’s Multi Parental vitamins targets pregnant women, while Postnatal vitamin is made to take during nursing. Psychographic and benefit segmentation helps to analyze the characteristics and buying behavior of the group. Health conscious individuals presumably living a healthy lifestyle and motivated to invest in their health. Bone and joint, heart, brain, eye, and digestive system health supporter vitamins are some of the many categories consumers with health concerns can choose from. They seek benefits the product can provide for them. The many different types of vitamins with various combinations of ingredients are aimed at consumers looking for different benefits. For instance, some want beautiful hair, skin and nail while other want to strengthen their immune systems. The vitamin market is enormous and complex. Different manufacturers seem to use somewhat similar segmentations which makes extremely difficult to get through of the labyrinth of the vitamins. Mainstream names are using more sophisticated packaging to aim at consumers and entice them to buy their product. Store brands are less showy and may have a smaller variety, however, overall their products are less expensive and just as good as the competitors’.

“One Friday Morning” by Langston Hughes Essay Essay Example

â€Å"One Friday Morning† by Langston Hughes Essay Essay Example â€Å"One Friday Morning† by Langston Hughes Essay Paper â€Å"One Friday Morning† by Langston Hughes Essay Paper The short narrative â€Å"One Friday Morning† by Langston Hughes is about a immature African American miss. Nancy Lee. who late moved to the North with her parents so they may supply her with a better life and schooling. Highly talented in water-color picture. she aspired to do that her major in college. Because of racial favoritism. she was denied the scholarship that would hold been her ticket to a brighter hereafter. Sadly. there are some people in the universe that are blinded by race and bury how America was supposed to be a topographic point with equal rights and justness for all. Langston Hughes brings in subjects like racism. equal rights between human existences. racial and national pride. and of class the American dream. His biggest purpose is to demo the universe how coloured people are treated and that present twenty-four hours America doesn’t fulfill the American dream of all work forces being equal. Nancy Lee may be a coloured miss. but at times she forget s she has a different tegument colour than the remainder of her schoolmates. Her equals overlook her race as good. they see her as nil but a immature and gifted person. Nancy Lee painted an award winning piece of art worthy of a scholarship to an art institute. The picture was of her grandma sitting on a park bench looking at the American flag on a bright cheery twenty-four hours. This represents a dream that Nancy Lee wanted to show ; that all people are equal and merit to be treated as such. Unfortunately. the art institute didn’t realize that Nancy Lee was a coloured miss at the clip they chose her picture. When it was made known. they decided to give the scholarship to a white pupil. They felt if Nancy Lee were to go to the Institute. it would do contention amongst others. On the twenty-four hours Nancy Lee was to have the award. she was told by her chief Miss O’Shay that she would non be able to accept this indispensable scholarship entirely because of the colour of her tegument. Miss O’Shay unfortunately informed Nancy Lee that â€Å"When the commission learned that you were colored. they changed their plans† ( Hughes 5 ) . Miss O’Shay did her best to promote Nancy Lee non to give up and to contend for her dreams. In the narrative they compare Miss O’Shay with emancipationists and the first white instructors who went to the Deep South to learn the freed slaves. Nancy Lee looked up at her chief and noticed the bright spring twenty-four hours through the unfastened window that resembled her picture. This is a metaphor for the close propinquity of the Utopia depicted in her art that would hold no favoritism and in which all people would be treated every bit. ( spread out on this thought! ) At the hebdomadal assembly. Nancy Lee took her place along with three thousand other pupils. She turned her caput and said the pledge to the flag. a symbolism of freedom and equal rights with â€Å"†¦liberty and justness for all† . She so decided that even though she’s non having the scholarship that was truly hers. she’s determined to â€Å"fight to see that these things don’t go on to other misss as this has happened to me. And work forces and adult females like Miss O’Shay will assist me† ( Hughes 6 ) . This shows that Nancy Lee isn’t willing to accept that the scholarship was withdrawn merely because of her race. and that with aid from people like Miss O’Shay. she is traveling to get down a revolution to do certain that this won’t go on in the hereafter to people like her. Discrimination is all around us ; everyone is discriminated against at one point in his or her life. Langston Hughes. an Afro-american author. wrote the short narrative â€Å"One Friday Morning† to depict the experience of one peculiar miss who was discriminated in her school because she was colored. Life brings many letdowns. all of which make a individual stronger. Unfortunately. there will ever be favoritism. as it is a portion of life. This narrative is a great illustration of seeing person being discriminated against while seting the reader in the chief character’s places to experience what it feels like to be them. Discrimination occurs for many grounds. A good ground is we become wiser from it and recognize that no 1 deserves to be treated below the belt. From her personal experiences. Nancy Lee will travel on to actuate other people to travel closer to accomplishing the high ideal extolled in the Pledge of Allegiance. â€Å"†¦one state indivisible. with autonomy and justness for all. †

Vulnerability Analysis and Network Architectures (Homeland Security) Essay

Vulnerability Analysis and Network Architectures (Homeland Security) - Essay Example Despite the fact that power failures may last for some hours, crude oil pipelines destruction could deny refinery service for days, while a fire explosion could result to longer damages, for instance months. This means that the probability as well as cost for each occurrence will vary short of any known certainty. Replacement of refinery may cost over one billion dollars and the production loss of 500 barrels every day something that may result to severe revenue implications and shortages leading to increase in price in gasoline stations. Critical nodes within the supply chain storage components happen to be large capacity clusters that are located within major transport nodes. Most deliver 95 million gallons every day in average, gasoline, home heating oil, national defence fuels, kerosene as well as diesel oil (Kingsley, 2011). Their estimated market share of 20%of national supply, as well as boast the world’s major network of petroleum distribution. Their carrying capacity makes them very vulnerable. 2. IT-IASC or the Information Technology Information Sharing and Analysis Centre, was founded in the 2001 January by 19 prominent companies in the IT field including IBM, Computer Sciences, Oracle and EDS. The main role for IT- ISAC is serving as the central respiratory for information related to security. The purpose of the group is he sharing of information for each company that is about security attacks as well as vulnerabilities amongst all the members. The member organizations are expected to report any information that concerns security problems they have or the resolutions that they have discovered with regard to such problems. In accordance to FBI, IT-ISAC is supposed to increase the levels of security as well as reduce the monetary losses for the members. This during a time when the company can incur $400,000, as cost for an average attack (Rouse, 2014) In May 1998, President Clinton issue the presidential directive 63,

Improving Driver Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Improving Driver Safety - Essay Example Teens who start driving are excited about the freedom that driving gives them, and are less inclined to think seriously about safety issues. Communicating safety messages to teens can be problematic, simply because they're teenagers and may chafe at what they see as restrictions on their freedom. This means that to improve teen driving safety, education programs must deliver safety messages in ways that are specifically targeted to teens and which do not make them feel they are being 'talked down to'. Driving education programs for teenagers should be designed to stimulate interest in road safety and should clearly show them the possible consequences of unsafe driving. To help keep teens interested in the program, a range of activities should be designed that are fun and interactive while sending clear messages about the importance of road safety. Activities can include practical demonstrations which teens can take part in, and interactive film clips in which they can make choices for the characters portrayed. Educating teens on the practice of safe driving will include information on speeding, seat belts, drinking and driving, and how to handle distractions while driving.

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Technology - Essay Example Globally, technology has become very vital. However, as much as it has enhanced living, it has also brought some challenges like global warming, urban smoke and ozone depletion. The study seeks to outline the rational between technology and global change. Technology has played a very significant role and the transformations are evident in many areas around the planet. The first one is energy generation and consumption in both domestic and commercial use. Generally, power energy is used for warming and cooling our residence while in factories energy is essential in the production process. Currently, with energy resourceful technology, it is possible for individuals to employ a smaller amount of energy to get the same work done that before used very high energy levels. According to Brian and Gary, the use of efficient technologies has enormously contributed in saving money and energy (115). Technology has also led to new ways of generating energy such as wind, geothermal, solar and bio-energy. Energy obtained through these methods is referred to as renewable energy. It is believed to have the technical ability to meet all energy requirements, quickly and simple to set up, cost-effective and environmental friendly. With the correct tech nologies in place, environmental pollution can enormously be cut down while at the same time assist in jobs creation. The second area that has recorded enormous transformation is the transport sector. With the sector tremendously expanding, its segment’s discharges have risen at a much faster pace in contrast to any other power- using sector in excess of the earlier times. The major challenge, therefore, is how to enhance efficiency at the same time reducing discharge. Through technology, advances such as increased miles per gallon in all forms of transport and low–carbon petroleum are day in day out being developed (Brian and Gary

Impacts of Changes to Child Care Services in the UK

Impacts of Changes to Child Care Services in the UK Discuss how the changes to children’s services currently being promoted by the government are likely to impact on the lives of children in need, their families and social workers undertaking their statutory duties. An Essay This essay is effectively in two parts. In the first part we shall discuss and delineate the measures that the government are currently promoting and then, having done that we shall critically assess how they impact on the various subsections outlined in the title. The Measures: There are many measures that have been introduced in the recent past and therefore are currently being promoted by the government. Perhaps one of the most important is the National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services (NSF 2004). This was published in Sept 2004 after a long period of consultation. It was arguably triggered by a number of events which highlighted the need for some form of central policy document to help to guide the various professional agencies in their efforts to provide a seamless service for the child in need. (Zeigler et al 2005) (Meadow 1995) Perhaps the defining trigger to the evolution of this document was the tragic death of Victoria Climbie, whose case in 2000 highlighted the deficiencies in the ability of the various agencies involved to effectively communicate and share vital information which might have averted the tragedy that subsequently overtook the 8 yr. old girl. (Saraswat 2005) This coincided with the publication of the NHS plan in July 2000 The subsequent Laming enquiry identified 108 separate areas where improvements could be made. This was followed up by the announcement by the Secretary of State for Health, Alan Milburn, announcing the inception of the National Service Framework. This was expedited further by the problems that arose as a result of the Bristol Royal Infirmary’s Heart Surgery policies. The Kennedy report (2002) again made a number of recommendations which became encapsulated in the National Service Framework – hospital care for children. In 2002, the government announced that it was commissioning a major review of the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service which it anticipated being completed by the end of 2006, which clearly may well have items of major importance to the welfare of the child in need. (Benger et al 2002) The Green Paper â€Å"Children at Risk† was announced by the Minister of State for Children, Margaret Hodge, in 2003. It was intended to be a discussion document which encompassed the areas of childcare provision, children’s services generally and the identification and procedures pertaining to â€Å"children at risk†. The major policy shift that accompanied this move was the transfer of responsibility for children’s Social Services from the Department of Health to the Department for Education and Skills. This also coincided with another Green Paper entitled â€Å"Every Child Matters†. Its main theme was the provision of reform measures for children’s care and protection. At about the same time the Specific Performance Service Targets were issued (2004). These covered primarily health issues and many were targeted specifically at children. Very shortly after this, the National Standards, Local Action : Health and Social Care Standards and Planning Framework 2005/6-2007/8 was published in July of the same year (2004) which was an umbrella publication covering both the NHS and all the Social Service Agencies. It covered guidance on policy, finance and targets to be met. The Children’s Bill went before Parliament in March 2004 which brought together the major features of the preceding Green Papers. At about the same time the Child Poverty Review (Aug 2004) was also published which contained some major recommendations for action to minimise the effects of Child poverty in the UK. Its professed goal was, after reviewing the changes in policy and welfare that were required, to halve the level of child poverty by 2010 and eradicating it by 2020. In the specific context of this essay, one of its major targets was to put in place welfare support to encourage those parents who could work, to get back to work and to provide a degree of financial stability where that was not possible. The effects One of the major goals in the government’s policy (Treasury Child Poverty Review 2004) is to bring about social reform by improving a child’s life chances. It aims to do this by two major strategies. Firstly to improve the general standard of health of children and secondly to improve their financial stability ( by tackling material deprivation). Clearly the NHS reforms are primarily aimed at the various health issues and the National Standards are aimed more at the social problems. It is a key feature of these measures that co-operation and multidisciplinary teamworking are the preferred mechanisms that will achieve the stated goals. (Little et al 2005) This is the nub of the major changes that will impact on the workers in the various caring disciplines. If the government is successful in implementing all of the strategies that are covered by all the above programmes it could produce a major shift in the emphasis that is currently placed on child care and child safety and protection issues. (Pheby 2000) As far as the Children’s Bill is concerned, it gives all children potential access to the Social Services and those children who have specific identified needs should find it easier to get targeted help for those needs. As far as the actual Social Workers and, for that matter healthcare professionals in general, are concerned, the theory is that the children’s services are now envisaged as an almost completely integrated service, where planning, facilitation and implementation is done on a multidisciplinary basis. It is hoped that this will cut down on duplication and thereby improve efficiency. Accountability is also an essential feature of many of these measures. As far as the most socially vulnerable children as concerned, the key responsibility for their welfare still rests with the Social Services, as their responsibility, as defined by the Children Act (1989) is essentially unchanged. The major difference with the current legislation is that the Social Services will head a multidisciplinary team approach to try to close the gap between the outcomes in this group and the outcome for the average child. Another major change will be the setting up of a database that will be shared across all relevant agencies that have a legitimate interest in a child’s welfare. This should allow all interested parties to share â€Å"intelligence† and information that may be helpful in framing a response to a particular child with a particular problem. Most of what we have refered to thus far is theory and expectation. Perhaps this should be contrasted with the reality of the situation. Brandon (et al 2005) produced a review document covering an assessment of the last 20 serious case reviews in Wales, they highlighted a number of process failures in the methods of service delivery. It was a useful document in so far as it was able to pin-point the areas where the service is â€Å"less than seamless†. Specifically it found deficiencies in aspects of training and also the actions and role activity of the lead professional in many cases. The authors produced a very pertinent statement as part of their conclusion which is worth quoting verbatim: Consultation could often be used prior to, or in place of referral. The barrier to the collation and analysis of relevant information often appeared to be a failure to recognise and understand expertise rather than a lack of communication as often postulated in review reports. Skilled use of expertise and consultation in a co-ordinated manner could result in more rigorous assessments and promote greater professional trust, confidence and challenge. In that short paragraph is encapsulated the practical difference between the government’s rhetoric and good intention and the actual reality as the grass root workers try to adjust to the processes of reform. Mercifully, we should observe that the majority of the legislation that we have presented here is actually empowering and enabling rather than prescriptive or mandatory. Perhaps we should therefore expect something of a learning curve from all parties as it slowly works its way into common practice. References Benger and Pearce 2002 Quality improvement report: Simple intervention to improve detection of child abuse in emergency departments BMJ, Mar 2002; 324: 780 782. Brandon, Dodsworth, Rumball 2005 Serious case reviews: learning to use expertise Child Abuse Review May 2005, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 160-176(17) Child Poverty Review 2004 HM. Treasury HMSO: August 2004 Children Act 1989. A Government Bill 1989 Children at Risk 2003 Green Paper HMSO 2003 Children’s Bill 2004 Hansard: March 2004 Every Child Matters 2003 Green Paper HMSO: Oct 2003 Kennedy report into Heart Surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary 2002 â€Å"Learning from Bristol† HMSO: January 2002. Laming enquiry 2003 Death of Victoria Climbie: HMSO: 28 January 2003 Little M, Kohm A, Thompson R. 2005 The impact of residential placement on child development: research and policy implications Int J Soc Welfare 2005: 14: 200–209 Meadow 1995 Parental Perspectives in Cases of Suspected Child Abuse BMJ, Sep 1995; 311: 697. National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services 2004 HMSO: 15th September 2004, National Standards, 2004 Local Action: Health and Social Care Standards and Planning Framework 2005/06–2007/08 HMSO: July 2004 NHS Plan HMSO: July 2000 NHS Specific Performance Service Targets 2004 NHS National Publication HMSO: June 2004 Pheby, Carl Henshall, Deborah Henshall, Brian Morgan, and Simon Wessely 2000 Diagnose and be damned BMJ, Apr 2000; 320: 1004. Saraswat 2005 Child abuse and trichotillomania BMJ, Jan 2005; 330: 83 84. Ziegler. Sammut. Piper 2005 Assessment and follow-up of suspected child abuse in pre-school children Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, May 2005, vol. 41, no. 5-6, pp. 251-255(5) *********************************************************************************************** PDG Word count 1,829

Welfare Reform: Promoting Independence and Self-Reliance Essay

Welfare Reform: Promoting Independence and Self-Reliance Mary Smith gets up every day at 6 am and begins to hustle around the house. She rouses her three children from their slumber and forces them to get ready for school. Once the kids are on the bus, she hops in her car and heads off to her job at the local fast food restaurant. After working her seven hours at the restaurant, she goes to her night course at the college in town. The course she is taking will help her get her high school diploma and possibly lead her to a successful career. These two things have been dreams of Mary's for so long, but she hasn't been able to attain them until now. She has been on welfare since the age of eighteen after having her first baby, Elijah. Most days life still seems like an endless tunnel, but now she thinks she may be starting to see a little light through the darkness. Many single mothers, like Mary Smith, and others on welfare have been given the chance to pursue happiness because of the reforms to the United States' welfare system. In August of 1996, President Bill Clinton signed legislation that changed much of the system. The bill that he signed was called the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. The three goals of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 were "1) to reduce welfare dependency and increase employment, 2) to reduce child poverty and 3) to reduce illegitimacy and strengthen marriage" (Rector, par. 1). Clinton's plan also included three new rules: "1) requires most recipients to work within two years of receiving assistance; 2) limits most assistance to five years total; and 3) lets states establish 'family caps' to deny additiona... ...ec. 2001. < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- srv/politics/special/welfare/stories/welfare052799.htm. > Naughton, Keith. " From the Frying Pan to the Factory." Business Week. 1 June 1998: 106. Otto, Mary. " Sustaining Welfare-to-Work." Washingtonpost.com. 2 Dec. 2001. 6 Dec. 2001. < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43074-Dec1.html.> Pear, Robert. " Changes in Welfare Bring Improvements for Families." The New York Times on the Web. 1 June 2000. 7 Dec. 2001. ? < http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/060100mn-welfare.html.> Rector, Robert and Patrick F. Fagan. " The Good News About Welfare Reform." The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder. 5 Sept. 2001. 2 Dec. 2001. ? < http://www.heritage.org/library/backgrounder/bg1468.html>

Analysis of Social Class

Paper #2 Analysis of Stratification Social Class Introduction This paper will describe this student’s informed opinion regarding the class structure in the United States in terms of social class. Prior to researching for this paper this student did not think much about social class. However after knowing what she now knows it seems impossible to not realize the stratification in society. This paper will discuss key terms, additional readings, new knowledge regarding social class, and a critique of class structure. Class structureSociety is divided into seven sections: The super rich, wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, the working poor, and the underclass. The super rich includes the persons who have benefits such as: A social register, alumni set asides at Ivy League schools, interlocking corporate boards of directors, and whose incomes are over $250,000. The wealthy class includes those with incomes over $200,000, children in private schools, and servants. The upper middle class includes approximately 23% of the households in the United States.The incomes in this class of society range from $75,000 to $199,000. They are highly educated and professional, and active in local politics. The lower middle class is the most diverse class and is typically comprised of teachers, nurses, firefighters, police officers, and office workers. Their annual incomes range from $50,000 to $74,999. Their children can only attend college with work-study or student loans. The working class or â€Å"blue collar class† of society have jobs, not careers, as factory workers or clerical workers, or in hospitality and tourism.The working class comprises 27% of the class structure. The children of the working class attend a community college for two years but are not likely to graduate. The working poor’s annual income does not exceed $25,000, they have unstable work without benefits, and include the highest percentage of people of color. The last class of society as outlined by Dr. Armstead, is the underclass. This class is growing rapidly. It includes about 15. 6 million unskilled workers and unemployed young mothers.There are other economic stratification systems which include: Closed systems, open systems, Marxian model, and Weberian model. People born into a closed system are assigned their class position at birth and will never have an opportunity to better their situation. An example of this is India’s cast system. Those individuals living in an open system have an opportunity to move from one social class to another. No system is completely open or closed. The Marxian model divides society into four classes: capitalist class, managerial class, small business class, and the working class.The Weberian model divides society into six sections: upper class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and underclass. Additional Readings There are different social and economic lifestyles am ong the social classes. For example, Dr. William Domhoff believes the elite class of society sticks together by relaxing and socializing with each other at exclusive places such as The Bohemian Grove in California. Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich went undercover as an unskilled worker posing as a cleaning lady, waitress, nursing home aid, hotel maid, and Wal-Mart sales clerk.Through her journey, readers were able to see what â€Å"prosperity† looks like through the eyes of the lowest level workers. The root causes of inequality are still not entirely understood as D. Weinberg explains in â€Å"A Brief Look at Postwar U. S Income Inequality. † One of the factors that influence inequality is the wage distribution has become considerably more unequal with more highly skilled, trained, and educated at the top experiencing real wage gains and those at the bottom experiencing real wage losses (P60-191 3).Also divorces, births out of wedlock, and the increasing age at first mar riage have led to a shift away from married couple households and toward single parent household, which typically have lower incomes. What Was Learned Just like H. Gans in his â€Å"The Uses Of Poverty†, this student too thought it would be impossible to find the positive functions of poverty. Without the poor, who would do the â€Å"dirty work†? Such as field working or truck farming. Gans explains an interesting function of poverty which is that the poor help keep the rich busy. Society uses the poor as beneficiaries of charity affairs.One more example outlined by Gans is, since the poor are powerless they absorb the costs of change and growth in American society. They are pushed out of their neighborhood to make room for progress which includes express ways, hospitals, and universities. The poor are important in their own ways. The poor pick the tomatoes that the rich eat. Even though the rich may eat organic tomatoes, both chew and swallow tomatoes in the same way. This student acknowledges that there are indeed distinct social classes; however each class has its own distinct and important role in society.Critique of Class Structure Like a cast system, J. Rawls explains that most Americans raised at the top or bottom are likely to stay there as adults. The graph in the power point lessons shows a small deviation however the majority of society tends to stay in the class which they were born into. Of course social class in the United States does not compare to India’s cast system because in the United States, there is much much more opportunity to better your situation. Another eye opening aspect of this project was B. Ehrenreich’s book.It was interesting to see how the low paid jobs which are considered â€Å"unskilled† actually require a lot of skill. Even the lowest paid job, requires exhausting mental and muscular effort. As D. Weinberg said, what if food stamps and welfare checks were added into the definition of inco me? If the definition of income was broadened, would any of the class percentages change? The way our society is divided there are some negative aspects such as: Poor neighborhoods have run down schools unlike upper class neighborhoods, whose schools have well maintained lawns and graffiti free walls.Also these underclass neighborhoods are high in crime. Until only recently have poorer neighborhoods in Miami held farmers markets and book fairs. In this student’s ideal society, most of society would be middle class, leaving political agendas and the running of huge corporations up to the super rich. This student feels badly about assigning some people to the underclass of this â€Å"ideal† society, but she understands now that the poor play an essential part of a healthy society.Between the facts provided in the various power point lessons and the additional reading assigned, one is able to formulate their own opinion about society in the United States and its different class divisions. This paper has described this student’s informed opinion regarding the class structure in the United States in terms of social class. The seven key terms, super rich, wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, the working poor, and the underclass have been explained, and additional readings have been discussed.All of this along with new knowledge regarding social class has enabled this student to critique the class structure in the United States. It is important that when studying or speaking with others about societal class division, that the speaker and listener keep an open mind. One can hope for equality for all, but as Dr. Armstead explains, total equality for all is impossible; however fairness for all is achievable. Citations Hunt, Elgin and Colander, David. (2011). Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society. 14th Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. www. trinity. edu/mkearl/strat. html www. census. gov

Compare and contrast the similarities and differences betwee essays

Compare and contrast the similarities and differences betwee essays The Northern Colony is consisted of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Connecticut. The people who lived in Massachusettss colony were Native Americans and Puritans just like in New Hampshire. The people who lived in the Rhode Island colony were Native Americans, aristocratic families and African American Slaves. The people from Connecticut colony were Native Americans, white Europeans, Dutch and Swedish settlers. The latter 1600s had cultural diversity but there was more in the early 1700s. In the late 1600s the Northern Colony region was trying to be more independent. Since they had so many different races and cultures they were able to get different point of views on situations helping them become more independent from England. But in the late 1600s Charles all became King. He took an aggressive hand in the management of the colonies affecting their independence. For example the King had control over who gets a charter and whom he can take one away from. In 1686 the Dominion of the New England made Navigational Laws. The fact that England was trying to control the Northern Colonies caused the Glorious Revolution. Which caused the Dominion of New England to crash down. Which led to the colonist to be more independent. Since the colonist were trying to become more independent many different cultures developed causing people to live different lifestyles. This caused the Salem Witch trials. Also since people thought they were freer in the Northern Colonies Church was not that important anymore. In the early 1700s the Northern Colony there was a mingling of races. Even though there was mostly English people but they were mottled with numerous foreign groups. They had Germans, Scottish and Irish and many more. Also during this time there was a lot more mixes of races like Scot-Irish. There was also multicolored colonial population consisted of other European groups. Like French Hug ...

Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams

Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams Introduction Various organisations currently operate at the global business interface that is characterised by intense competition, dynamic changes in consumer needs, emerging trends of new products, changing technology, and different cultures.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such businesses strive to maintain operations that are geared towards striking a balance between the influences of the above factors. Most multinational businesses usually establish subsidiary branches in numerous countries across transnational borders with a view of expanding their market bases by attracting international consumers. For this reason, implementation of virtual teams of different employees from culturally diverse origins becomes a crucial interplay in the involved businesses since they facilitate communication amongst diverse consume rs, employees, and subsidiary firms. Currently, many businesses are adopting virtual management whereby managers do not necessarily need to maintain physical contact with their employees. The research proposal aims at investigating effective communication and motivation techniques in the management of in virtual teams across transnational borders. Background According to Huang, Kahai, and Jestice (2010), virtual team management is a phenomenon that surpasses the limitations of time and space boundaries that are experienced in visual interactions. Misunderstanding of cultural differences, marginalisation, language barrier, team disunity, and mistrust are some of the issues that are associated with virtual team management. For instance, the GE Energy, an electricity management company in Atlanta recently faced an increasing number of diverse cultural workforces in its areas of operations. This situation led to the development of programs such as the GE Connect and WebEx to provide an insight into ‘Working in Virtual Teams’.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The GE Connect and WebEx software adds a phone tab to the GE WebEx connects. The system can command the computer to manage call dials, history, waiting indicators, media, and instant messaging among others. Employees who do not understand common communication languages such as English among other dialects can successfully interact with their colleagues using the system to improve their communication. This situation is an implication of a need to conduct more research on the techniques and solutions to the challenges that arise from the management of virtual transactional teams due then unavailability of a common language. Literature Review A virtual team refers to a group of individuals who interact using internet platforms and profiles rather than maintaining face-to-face comm unication (Chen, Chen, Chu 2008). On the other hand, a transactional virtual team is an organised group of persons who carry out various activities that are related to trade despite time, boundaries, and space limitations (Chen, Chen, Chu 2008). Virtual teams have become increasingly important for transnational companies. They provide a framework for addressing challenges that result from modern rationalised organisations owing to the distribution of workforce. Capece and Costa (2009) posit that the advancement of technology and globalisation has led to an increased flexibility in organisations as they seek to gain competitive advantages over the rival companies. The premise of virtual teams is to address the location and accessibility of employees due to the unrelenting workforce demographics in the modern world. As a result, the embracement of such teams helps organisations to gain access to diverse expertise and quality-improvement systems whilst promoting workplace interaction s.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Communication Effectiveness in the Management of Virtual Teams specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this proposal, qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups, and participant observations were deemed suitable for the research in question. The interviews will be used to gather demographic information that will be used to design parameters such as the average age, level of the awareness of cultural diversity, and comparison statistics among others (Creswell 2013). The methods will be guided by respondent characteristics such as feelings, beliefs, perceptions, and ideas among others. Such aspects will guide the researcher to design appropriate interview schedules. Information concerning the communication techniques and patterns of the organisation will be gathered through textual analysis and archival research (Rawbone 2015). Both purposive and snowball sampling techniques have been deemed appropriate for the selection of the participants. Purposive sampling will ensure the maximisation of rich information while the snowballing technique will help the researcher reach the respondents by asking them to recommend their colleagues (Punch 2013). Regardless of the perceived effectiveness of virtual teams in the management of contemporary organisations, various problems have been identified. At the outset, the physical dispersion of persons around the world leads to the development of diversity issues that hinder smooth communication. Diversity management has been deemed one of the most significant challenges in running of organisations. Leaders who have been habituated to the outmoded organisational frameworks encounter a number of management difficulties. The organisation of the new teamwork also requires the leaders to assess the ability of the traditional management approaches to meet the necessities of the virtual programmes. This tendency to shift fr om the traditional to new forms of leadership poses an enormous risk to the organisation.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overton, Hills, and Dixon (2007) also affirm that language barrier is a crucial problem that leads to communication shortcomings in the event of adopting virtual teamwork management. There is a tendency to interpret context differently as individuals perceive ideas, values, and beliefs uniquely. For instance, Overton, Hills, and Dixon (2007) reveal that the difference between high and low context cultures has been evidenced to interpret information differently. Embracing Effective Communication and Motivation in the Management of Virtual Teams A research conducted by Overton, Hills, and Dixon (2007) in the UK on the integration of effective communication techniques into organisational activities revealed that it significantly improved the delivery of a range of skills such as leadership, management, and understanding of foreign languages among others. It was affirmed that the techniques were applicable to the management of virtual teams to foster the learning of different languages for effective communication. According to Nash and Kallenbach (2009), effective communication tools can be used efficiently to ensure proper management of the virtual teams. This technique can also be used to increase outreach programmes to rural communities or places that are hard to reach within a given time such as companies with international branches. The only issue of concern raised in the study was that most of the adults were unaware of such techniques being embraced in current systems of management (Aragon Johnson 2002). Companies that support effective communication significantly lead to the improvement of employee motivation. Employees who strive to understand other languages make the use of effective communication and other resources that are based online. Literacy is among the key strengths that are created through electronic communication. The web can provide an excellent means of developing skills in the wake of digital technology (Mishan 2005; Wagner and Konzma 2005 ). According to Scott and Wildman (2015), most businesses use virtual teams to grasp larger market shares besides overcoming geographical barriers (Scott Wildman 2015). Bachmann (2006) attested that communication enables people of different cultural backgrounds to develop shared models besides creation of group identities. It is highly believed that collective perceptions of other people, living environments, information, or the world create a mutual understanding among the members of particular groups. A survey that was completed by researchers such as Yip and Dempster (2005) identified that communication via the internet compelled many companies to run virtual teamwork. These studies failed to mention the aspect of embracing cultural diversity and understanding among employees since it was limited to electronic communication (Davis, Fletcher, Absalom 2010). Technology plays a critical role in conveying information between individuals through virtual organisations (Siebdrat, Hoeg l, Ernst 2009). Virtual teams with diverse cultural backgrounds can be managed efficiently using robust cybernetic information channels with a view of diminishing the ethnic, racial, and/or geographical gaps that exist between the members of the teams. Dekker, Rutte, and Van den Berg (2008) recommended that companies should implement up-to-date technology with a view of establishing and maintaining virtual teams. Language complexities, cultural misunderstanding, and marginalisation always affect communication. Lockwood (2015) recommended a need for training staff in communication, leadership skills, and different cultural issues that affect the management of teams across transnational borders. Embracing Clear Understanding of Different Cultures for Coexistence in Virtual Team Environments Culture is a combination of values, norms, beliefs, and orientations that exist in a given society. They are transmitted from one generation to the next (Leidner, Alavi, Kayworth 2010). On the ot her hand, cultural diversity is a mix of people having different national and linguistic characteristics. According to Erez (2010), culture is a conception that is passed from one generation to the next. It comprises aspects such as beliefs, art, knowledge, laws, customs, and habits that are exhibited by a person within a particular society. Most people use culture as the backbone for communication and develop knowledge about particular attitudes towards life. Earley and Mosakowski (2000) posit that respect for cultural diversity brings about the appreciation of heterogeneity in the values and norms of people from different backgrounds. This situation brings people together either face-to-face or virtually. Wildman and Griffith (2015) mention that businesses are currently faced with challenges of virtual team management that affect efficiency. They recommend that leaders should be knowledgeable on tools for exploring cultural diversity. The leaders must be well conversant with inter personal cues, cultural differences and diversity inclusion. Lastly, they attested that virtual communication and mutual leader-follower relationships are paramount to the active contribution towards improved business performance (Wildman Griffith 2015). Globalisation has resulted in increased virtual teams across transnational borders. Intercultural communication and interaction are essential due to the ever-increasing globalisation that has led to the movement of labour across national, regional, and continental boundaries. Embracing management with clear communication technology has led to the emergence of virtual communities who share information on different cultural values, beliefs, norms, and languages among other characteristics (Zakaria, Amelinckx, Wilemon 2004). A research that was conducted by Alpaslan et al. (2004) revealed that poor understanding of other people’s cultures and languages accounted for inadequate performance in cybernetic communication. This situ ation led to misunderstanding and distrust amongst individuals and groups in the organisations. However, the creation of forums to educate the employees on embracing different cultures proved to be efficient in appreciation of virtual teams (Whatley, Zaitseva, Zakrzewska 2009).The study does not clearly indicate how communication should be implemented in such situations. Motivation, Good Leadership, and Trust Motivation is also a crucial factor that has been proved efficient in addressing issues that arise from the management of virtual teams. Individual enthusiasm is an aspect that enhances morale and liveliness in communication. Virtual interactions are enhanced through motivation with a view of alleviating glitches that arise from monotonous environments (Holton 2001). A deeper comprehension of subjective motivational factors should be considered because each person gets motivated in different ways. Different cultures also have features that derive individual motivation. Such fa ctors are paramount to the formation of sound virtual teams that are prepared with a broad base of knowledge about their cultures and those of other individuals. Cifuentes and Murphy (2000), posit that other factors such as attention, confidentiality, satisfaction, and relevance among others are components of the sources of motivation. If they are embraced appropriately, they can improve a person’s engagement in virtual discussions that close the gap between varying cultural teams. An individual belief in the ability to achieve personal goals is significantly improved where organisations encourage motivation and autonomy. However, the researchers have not highlighted communication as a crucial element for the achievement of such objectives; hence, it ensures that the individuals are satisfied and open-minded. Maintenance of enthusiastic workforce ensures relevance and improved confidence (Cifuentes Murphy 2000). This situation can be achieved through active involvement in le arning or projects that encompass the performance of employees from different cultural backgrounds. Both employees and managers should be encouraged to show enthusiasm for intercultural activities with a view of acquiring various competencies that practiced by diverse groups. However, communication is crucial for the achievement of such objectives; hence, the parties involved should be in a position to speak a common language (Cifuentes Murphy 2000). Leadership is another aspect that has underpinned efficient control and management of virtual teams. According to Malhotra Majchrzak (2004), virtuous leadership in an organisation ensures the definition of clear goals and role in an attempt to realise quality outcome. Shachaf and Hara (2006) revealed that virtual team leadership helped in the efficient management of employees in organisations where diversity inclusion was highly regarded. Another aspect of leadership is ensuring the provision of mentorship and clear definition of resp onsibilities amongst diverse team members. Collaboration refers to the engagement and participation of people in a group to solve an issue based on a mutual agreement (Bjà ¸rn Ngwenyama 2009). Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer (2015) have attested that virtual teams are becoming popular in work environments. They result in the development of new techniques that are in line with the demands of the global market. This situation leads to increased work efficiency. However, leaders are cautioned to consider issues that can arise due to cultural differences and to embrace collaboration among the members of virtual teams to get the success of the organisation. Communication is crucial in bonding the employees; hence, robust communication channels should be developed in various entities that embrace virtual team management (Miloslavic, Wildman, Thayer 2015). Shachaf and Hara (2006) posit that leadership and trust are two factors that must go together when handling employees in virtual tea ms. People have unique and vast views, cultural differences, and technical skills among other factors. The researchers have failed to show how leaders engage employees in commitment to instil a sense of trust. Therefore, leaders should ensure that individuals who are included in the virtual teamwork show commitment to duty by instilling a sense of trust in them with a view of winning their attention (Shachaf Hara 2006). Jarvenpaa, Shaw, and Staples (2004) also attested that trust that was built among virtual team members and their leaders led to efficient work processes and quality outcome due to improved motivation, collaboration, and collective problem solving strategies that dependent on trust. It was perceived that trust reduced indistinctness and doubt in social viewpoints. A problem of how the trust is build is evident from such comments since effective leadership and management must be embraced. Carter et al. (2015) in his article on Leadership for global virtual teams for t he facilitation of team processes attested that leadership through collaborative interaction is paramount to the efficient management of businesses at the global level. As a result, global organisations require the development of virtual teams through effective management. They have attested that technology in communication has been used successfully to link virtual teams through proper leadership. They have further mentioned the importance of understanding cultural background of employees, nationalities, team dynamics, and communication technology to address issues that arise from virtual team management (Carter et al. 2015). Carte Deines (2013) also attested that team leadership results in improved networking among individuals who are both within and outside the teams. Performance and team development are fundamental functions of decent leadership (Bell Kozlowki 2002). A primary challenge that virtual teams experience is the realisation of efficiency during the implementation of concerted goals. The researchers have not elaborated the realisation of efficiency can be achieved. A better way of ensuring that leaders accomplish such tasks is by the sound institution of self-management and performance standards among the various parties that are involved in teamwork (Hunsake r Hunsaker 2008). Effective leaders should ensure that trust exists together with increased and efficient goal setting techniques that take into account the expectations of employees. They should also give room for continuous feedback to allow competencies and encourage cultural appreciation. Furthermore, Gazor (2012) posits that wise leaders use physical meetings to solve various challenges. However, in situations where geographical differences hinder communication, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing offer the best solutions. In conclusion, the essay has reviewed various pieces of literature on the possible communication solutions to the issues associated with virtual teams in the ef fective management of organisations. Leadership roles are paramount to the appropriate handling of productivity issues that arise in diverse physical work environments. Communication has been seen as a crucial factor in the management of virtual teams across transactional borders. To ensure effective implementation of information communication and technology networks amongst employees in different physical locations, an understanding of diverse cultural values, consumer behaviour, and dynamic innovation is highly encouraged. Statement of the Problem Although virtual team management has ensured smooth running of global businesses, a plethora of challenges is still encountered. One of the primary challenges that are experienced is technology disparity. A sizeable gap is seen in the advancement of technology between the developed and developing nations. A research that was conducted by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (2006) explicated a number of ways such as stimulation of international technology transfer and learning among others than can be adopted by developing countries to narrow the gap. While many companies appreciate the introduction and embracement of virtual teams in their organisational systems, many questions have been left unresolved. How do individuals of different languages and from varied culture share a common goal, understanding, and knowledge without face-to-face meeting? How can such people develop trust among themselves? What kind of technology should the managers use successfully among these people? Such questions among others need to be addressed since they form the basis of the challenges that arise from the management of virtual transactional teams. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) encompasses communication equipment that is used in chatting sites, e-mail, websites, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing among others (Capece Costa 2009). The interconnection between various employee groups in diverse geogr aphical landscapes is greatly hindered due to poor communication and communication channels (Song Liu 2013). The world’s population appreciates the improved development of electronic information transfer that has ensured smooth organisation and distribution of duties (Cheshin et al. 2013). Improved technology has resulted in the development of robust communication means that have ensured quick response to various organisations, which have embraced decentralisation due to the existence of virtual teams. Nowadays, teams can conform and establish collaboration through electronic communications channels that are remotely located. However, there is still a need to exploit the varied opportunities that arise from international interactions. Although communication channels such as teleconferencing and videoconferencing among others means exist, other issues such as cultural diversity, understanding of different languages have not been fully addressed (Piccoli, Powell, Ives 2004). The contemporary world is characterised by fast development virtual teams with varied cultural, personal, and functional origins. If such topographies are not handled effectively, they can cause problems such as conflicts, disunity, and mistrust in organisations. The differences can be heightened due to the existence of geographical differences, poor communication, and lack of motivation, misunderstanding, and failure to appreciate the significance of cultural diversity and movement of labour across transnational boundaries (Piccoli, Powell, Ives 2004). Virtual teams can only perform well if proper management that embraces proper communication, motivation, appreciates cultural diversity, and creates collaboration based on the common goals of virtual teams among others. A majority of the studies have revealed that communication is the sole factor for the efficient management of virtual teams (Piccoli, Powell, Ives 2004). For instance, Taha, Ahmed, and Ale Ebrahim (2009) upheld such views by mentioning that advanced communication technology has enabled international business leaders to manage teams in distant work environments. The development of technology, especially in the twenty-first century, is a timely framework for the passage of information from one party to another by teleconferencing, videoconferencing, e-mailing, social networking, and online chatting. Although the aforementioned underpinnings are highly regarded, virtual team management requires a consideration of factors such as cultural diversity, respect, trust, and motivation among other aspects (Taha, Ahmed, Ale Ebrahim 2009). The researchers failed to mention how to incorporate such factors in communication to solve issues of virtual transactional teams. Incorporation of such factors in communication promotes the realisation of a common goal and understanding of the values, beliefs, and attitudes of diverse cultures. Another problem that should be addressed is how a company will ensure appr opriate handling of the above-mentioned communication factors. According to Geister, Konradt, and Hertel (2006), educating employees on the use of the videoconferencing or teleconferencing techniques alone is not satisfactory move towards the realisation of harmonious virtual teams. For instance, the existence of communication channels in organisations that embrace virtual teamwork does not necessarily mean that the employees have a common language that enhances the flow of information (Abbott, Gilbert, Rosinski 2013). In such circumstances, how does the company resolve the underlying virtual team issues? Other research works indicate that motivation among the employees results in the apt formulation of solutions in diverse work environments. Geister, Konradt, Hertel (2006) attested that group motivation is significant in the creation of collaborative workforce where individuals come from different cultural origins. This set of circumstances enables them to identify and appreciate various values, beliefs, and attitudes among other aspects of the cultures of their colleagues. The researchers limited their studies to virtual team motivation and never embraced factors such as effective communication and understanding of cultural diversity to solve problems of virtual transactional teams. According to Keller (2008), motivation encourages attention, confidence, relevance, and individual satisfaction. However, the research holds that enthusiasm only serves as a solution to managerial problems that are associated with virtual teams rather than examining the effects of other elements such as cultural diversity. It proofs that there is limited information on the methods (effective communication and embracing cultural diversity) to resolve the poor understanding of cultural differences that exist in virtual transactional teams (McArdle Anderson2001). Research Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate effective communication, motivation, and understanding of cultural diversity to solve issues that arise from virtual team management across transnational borders. Hypothesis H0: Embracing effective communication, motivation, and understanding of cultural diversity do not help in solving problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transnational borders. Main Research Question Does effective communication, motivation, understanding of cultural diversity solve the problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transactional borders? Study Objectives To determine whether the proper implementation of effective communication, motivation, and understanding of cultural diversity solve problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transactional borders To examine various motivational and leadership techniques that leads to collaboration among individuals of different cultural origins in the virtual teams Limitation of the Study The study will focus on the investigation of effective communic ation and understanding of cultural diversity to solve the problems that arise from the management of virtual teams across transactional borders. It will be limited to qualitative research design and analysis. The results will be used to illustrate a problem of communication, poor motivation and misunderstanding of cultural diversity in virtual teams to ensure that people understand the problem. The results will then be used to create awareness embracing effective communication and understanding of different cultures in organisations that practice virtual teamwork rather than the implementation of the plans. As a result, the findings will be based on the generalisation of the available information. Variables Various characteristics that will be measured include dependent variables such as the type of motivation, communication, trust, interactions, and leadership among others. The independent variables will cover the issues that are associated with virtual teams such cultural diversi ty among others. Methodology Research Design and Sampling plan Since the study focuses on investigation of effective communication, motivation and understanding of cultural diversity to solve communication problems in virtual teams across transnational borders, the research will entail a qualitative research design (Mahoney 2010). The nature of the research proposed guarantees investigation techniques thus its findings will be used to illustrate how effective communication can the understanding of cultural diversity in virtual teams are essential. It will be conducted in the various companies in the USA. Managers of the selected companies will be identified to seek contact information that will be useful in the facilitation of the research. Data will be obtained from the focus groups and interviews among other qualitative methods. Interview schedules will be subjected to the employees and managers of selected global companies that have organised virtual teams. Sample Size and Sampli ng Strategy 25 respondents will be selected randomly from each of the multinational companies. 20-percent of them will be from the managerial levels. The four companies to be included will be identified through secondary sources of data such as journals and articles on multinational co-operations based in the USA. The contacts their managers will be contacted using information available about their contact managers or phone numbers indicated in the secondary data. Research Instruments The interview schedule will be semi-structured to ensure detailed information capture. The respondents are expected to understand the both the instruments easily since they will be written in simple English (Cooper Emory 2002). Respondents’ feelings, beliefs, perceptions, and ideas will also ensure that the researcher uses the interview schedules. Some of the questions that will feature in the interview include the following. What do you understand by the term electronic communication? Does th e company embrace robust communication techniques? Does your company use electronic communication in educating virtual employees on common language for your business? Rationale for the Selection The USA was selected as the study area because the country has many multinational companies that embrace diversity inclusion and virtual team management. Rich information on the communication problems will be obtained from multinational companies that have established numerous subsidiaries in different geographic locations worldwide. This strategy will set a framework for studying the management of virtual teams in diversity. The chosen sampling design is also appropriate since the study will focus on the qualitative data. The research after evaluation will further analyse the implementation of motivational techniques and effective communication in ensuring effective communication among virtual teams. Data Analysis for Demographic Variables The demographic variables that will be considered in the study include age, education, virtual learning environment, blackboard usage, video and audio podcasts, and cultural background among others. The variables will be analysed using univariate analysis or tables. The results will be easily compiled using the SPSS version 21. The univariate analysis will indicate details about age distribution frequencies, central tendencies (mean, mode, and median), and dispersions such as range, standard deviation, and variance (Bradley, Curry, Devers 2007). Data Analysis for Study Variables Inferential statistics will be used to elaborate then inferences from the study. Tests that will be conducted include the t-test, Chi-Square test, and one-way ANOVA among other multivariate methods (Bradley, Curry, Devers 2007). Ethics for the Research This research will be conducted after seeking permission various multinational companies that will be selected for the study. The respondents will be issued with consent forms to participate willingly in th e study. Upon their acceptance, they will be engaged in the research (Miller et al. 2012). As aforementioned, the research will seek to investigate effective communication and motivation techniques in the management of in virtual teams across transnational borders. It will focus on seeking ways to alleviate the challenges that are encountered in the management of virtual teams with a view of increasing organisational efficiency. Review of Five Journal Papers relevant to the Topic ‘Leadership for Global Virtual Teams: Facilitating Teamwork Processes’ by Carter, Seely, Dagosta, De-Church, and Zaccaro In their article, Carter et al. (2015) posit that competition, complexities, and structures of organisations in the global scene have undergone tremendous change. However, with increased and sophisticated means of communication, linking virtual teams has become easier. This situation has resulted in effective management of business operations. Carter et al. (2015) further aff irm that managers must ensure a deeper understanding of cultural backgrounds, nationalities, communication technology, and team dynamics to resolve hitches the that arise from the management of virtual teams (Carter et al. 2015). ‘Structuring Successful Global Virtual Teams’ by Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer According to Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer (2015), teams have become paramount to efficient production in organisations. They further attest that teamwork results in increased the work handling capacity. It also provides new techniques that align with the demands of the global market. However, Miloslavic, Wildman, and Thayer (2015) posit that leaders should consider issues that can arise due to cultural differences. Resourceful collaboration among the members of virtual teams is required for the success of any organisation. However, communication is a crucial factor in creation and maintenance of bonds among employees. Robust communication channels should be deve loped by implementing advanced technological systems. Therefore, managers should ensure that methods such as videoconferencing and teleconferencing are implemented for success in management of virtual teams (Miloslavic, Wildman, Thayer 2015). ‘Leading Global Teams Means Dealing with Different’ by Wildman Griffith Wildman and Griffith (2015) attest that the current global business is faced with challenges that affect efficient virtual team leadership. Leaders must have the right knowledge and tools to explore cultural diversity with a view of alleviating challenges that are related to the embracement of virtual teams. Wildman and Griffith (2015) claim that leaders should be aware of interpersonal cues, diversity inclusion, and appreciation of the world’s diverse cultures. Factors such as virtual communication and mutual leader-follower relationships are paramount to the active contribution towards improved business performance (Wildman Griffith 2015). ‘Cu lture, Communication, and Conflict: A Review of the Global Virtual Team Literature’ by Scott Wildman Scott and Wildman (2015) view virtual teams as the most modern techniques used in various organisations to capture large market shares, meet vast needs of consumers, and overcome geographical barriers. In a research that was conducted prior to publishing of the article, Scott and Wildman (2015) found that the primary issues that dominated their findings regarding virtual information included cultural diversity, effective communication, and conflict management. Scott and Wildman (2015) mentioned that teleconferencing, video conferencing, and e-mailing were the feasible solutions for communication issues among the virtual teams. Understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity also play a critical role in the management of virtual teams (Scott Wildman 2015). ‘Virtual team management: what is causing communication breakdown?’ By Lockwood This article holds that flexibility in organisations and ICT improvement resulted in effective management of virtual teams in global businesses. Lockwood (2015), states that most executives experience management drawbacks due to language, cultural, and geographical barriers. Language complexities, cultural misunderstanding, and marginalisation are threats to the development of collaborative virtual teams. As a result, Lockwood (2015) affirms that there is a need for training staff in communication, leadership skills, and different cultural issues that affect the management of teams across transnational borders. Appendix Time Schedule for the Activities Based on 13-week project the following timeframe is scheduled for various activities Activity Time and Date Draft proposal to supervisor Early May 2015 Submission of the proposal Early May 2015 Approval of proposal End of May 2015 Delivering request letter to research office Early June 2015 Data collection and completion Early June to end of Ju ne 2015 Data analysis and completion Early July 2015 Review findings with supervisor Early July 2015 Review final draft report with supervisor Late July 2015 Submit final report to supervisor Early August 2015 References Abbott, G, Gilbert, K Rosinski, P 2013, Cross-cultural working in coaching and mentoring, John Wiley and Sons, Southern Gate, UK. Aragon, S Johnson, S 2002, ‘Emerging roles and competencies for training in effective communication environments’, Advances in developing human resources, vol. 4 no. 4, pp. 424-439. Bachmann, A 2006, ‘Melting pot or tossed salad? 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